Abstract: Diesel injini dzinogona kuburitsa simba panguva yekushanda.Pamusoro pekamuri yekupisa uye crank yekubatanidza tsvimbo inoshandura zvakananga simba rekupisa remafuta kuita magetsi emagetsi, ivo vanofanirwawo kunge vaine nzira dzinoenderana uye masisitimu ekuona kushanda kwavo, uye aya masisitimu uye masisitimu akabatana uye akarongeka.Mhando dzakasiyana uye mashandisirwo einjini dzedhiziri ane nzira dzakasiyana dzemagadzirirwo uye masisitimu, asi mabasa avo akafanana.Injini yedhiziri inonyanya kuumbwa nezvikamu zvemuviri uye crank yekubatanidza tsvimbo nzira, mavharuvhu ekuparadzira masisitimu uye yekudyara uye yekupedza masisitimu, mafuta ekupa uye kukurumidza kudzora masisitimu, lubrication masisitimu, kutonhora masisitimu, ekutanga zvishandiso uye mamwe masystem uye masisitimu.
1, Kuumbwa uye chikamu chemabasa einjini dzedhiziri
Injini yedhiziri imhando yeinjini yekupisa yemukati, inova chishandiso chekushandura simba chinoshandura kupisa kwesimba rinoburitswa kubva mukupisa kwemafuta kuita magetsi emagetsi.Injini yedhiziri ndiyo chikamu chesimba chejenareta seti, kazhinji inoumbwa ne crankshaft yekubatanidza tsvimbo meshini uye zvikamu zvemuviri, mavharuvhu ekugovera mashandiro uye yekudyara uye exhaust system, dizeli rekupa system, lubrication system, kutonhora system, uye magetsi system.
1. Crankshaft yekubatanidza tsvimbo michina
Kuti uchinje simba rinopisa rinowanikwa kuita magetsi emagetsi, zvinodikanwa kuti upedze kuburikidza ne crankshaft yekubatanidza tsvimbo michina.Muchina uyu unonyanya kuumbwa nezvinhu zvakaita semapistoni, piston pins, tsvimbo dzekubatanidza, crankshafts, uye flywheels,.Kana mafuta akabatidza uye achipisa mukamuri yekupisa, kuwedzera kwegasi kunogadzira kudzvanywa kumusoro kwepiston, kusundira piston kuti iende kumashure nekudzoka mumutsara wakatwasuka.Nekubatsirwa kwetambo yekubatanidza, crankshaft inotenderera kutyaira muchina unoshanda (mutoro) kuita basa.
2. Boka remuviri
Zvikamu zvemuviri zvinonyanya zvinosanganisira cylinder block, cylinder head, uye crankcase.Ndiyo matrix emusangano weakasiyana emuchina masisitimu muinjini dzedhiziri, uye zvikamu zvakawanda zvacho zvikamu zveinjini yedhiziri uye nzira dzekubatanidza tsvimbo, nzira dzekuparadzira mavharuvhu uye masystem ekupinza uye ekupedza simba, kugovera mafuta uye kukurumidza kudzora masisitimu, masisitimu ekuzora, uye kutonhora. zvirongwa.Semuenzaniso, cylinder musoro uye piston korona pamwe chete zvinogadzira nzvimbo yekamuri yekupisa, uye zvikamu zvakawanda, kupinza uye kupera simba, uye nzira dzemafuta dzakarongwa pairi.
3. Valve distribution mechanism
Kuti mudziyo urambe uchishandura simba rinopisa kuita simba remuchina, unofanirwawo kunge wakashongedzerwa neseti yemafambisirwo emhepo kuti ive nechokwadi chekupinda kwemweya mutsva uye kubuda kwegasi rinopisa.
Chitima chevhavha inoumbwa neboka revharuvhu (vharuvhu yekupinda, vharafu, gwara revhavha, chigaro chevharuvhu, uye chitubu chevhavha, nezvimwewo) uye boka rekutapurirana (tappet, tappet, rocker arm, rocker arm shaft, camshaft, uye nguva yegiya. , nezvimwewo).Basa rechitima chevharuvhu nderekuvhura nenguva nekuvhara mavharuvhu ekupinza uye kupera zvichienderana nezvimwe zvinodiwa, kupedza gasi rekubuda mucylinder, uye kufemesa mweya mutsva, kuve nechokwadi chekuita kwakatsetseka kweinjini yedhiziri.
4. Fuel system
Simba rinopisa rinofanira kupa humwe huwandu hwehuni, iyo inotumirwa muimba yekupisa uye yakasanganiswa zvakakwana nemhepo kuti ibudise kupisa.Nokudaro, panofanira kuva nehurongwa hwemafuta.
Basa redhiziri injini yemafuta ekupa system ndeyekupinza imwe huwandu hwedhiziri mukamuri yekupisa pane imwe dzvinyiriro mukati meimwe nguva yenguva, uye kuisanganisa nemhepo kuita basa rekupisa.Iyo inonyanya kuve nedhiziri tangi, pombi yekufambisa mafuta, dhiziri sefa, pombi jekiseni remafuta (yakanyanya-kudzvanywa pombi yemafuta), jekiseni remafuta, kukurumidza controller, nezvimwe.
5. Kutonhora kwehurongwa
Kuti uderedze kurasikirwa kwekukwesha kweinjini dzedhiziri uye kuve nechokwadi cheyakajairika tembiricha yezvakasiyana zvikamu, injini dzedhiziri dzinofanirwa kunge dziine inotonhorera system.Iyo yekutonhodza sisitimu inofanirwa kunge ine zvinhu zvakaita sepombi yemvura, radiator, thermostat, feni, uye bhachi remvura.
6. Lubrication system
Basa reiyo lubrication system kuendesa mafuta ekuzora kunzvimbo dzinokwesha dzezvikamu zvakasiyana zvinofamba zveinjini yedhiziri, iyo inobata basa mukuderedza kupokana, kutonhora, kuchenesa, kuisa chisimbiso, uye kudzivirira ngura, kuderedza kupokana nekupfeka, uye kutora. kubvisa kupisa kunokonzerwa nekukwesha, nokudaro kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwemazuva ese kweinjini yedhiziri.Iyo inonyanya kuve nepombi yemafuta, sefa yemafuta, radiator yemafuta, mavharuvhu akasiyana, uye nzira dzemafuta ekuzora.
7. Tanga hurongwa
Kuti kukurumidza kutanga injini yedhiziri, chigadziro chekutanga chinodiwawo kudzora kutanga kwejini injini.Zvinoenderana neyakasiyana nzira dzekutanga, zvikamu zvakashongedzerwa nemudziyo wekutanga zvinowanzotangwa nemagetsi mota kana pneumatic motors.Pamaseti ejenareta emagetsi, mweya wakamanikidzwa unoshandiswa kutanga.
2、 Nheyo yekushanda yechina sitiroko dizeli injini
Mukushanda kwekupisa, chete nzira yekuwedzera yemvura inoshanda inokwanisa kuita basa, uye tinoda kuti injini irambe ichigadzira basa remakanika, saka tinofanira kuita kuti mvura yekushanda iwedzere kakawanda.Naizvozvo, zvinodikanwa kuti uedze kudzorera mvura inoshanda kune yayo yekutanga isati yawedzera.Naizvozvo, injini yedhiziri inofanirwa kupfuura nemaitiro mana ekupisa: kutora, kudzvanya, kuwedzera, uye kupera simba isati yadzokera kune yayo yekutanga, ichibvumira injini yedhiziri kuti irambe ichigadzira basa remakanika.Naizvozvo, mana ari pamusoro ekupisa maitiro anonzi kutenderera kwekushanda.Kana piston yeinjini yedhiziri ikapedza sitiroko ina uye ikapedzisa kutenderera kumwe chete, injini yacho inonzi four stroke diesel engine.
1. Kutora sitiroko
Chinangwa chekutora sitiroko ndechekufema mweya mutsva uye kugadzirira kupisa kwemafuta.Kuti uwane kutora, mutsauko wekumanikidza unofanirwa kuumbwa pakati pemukati nekunze kwecylinder.Naizvozvo, panguva iyi sitiroko, vharuvhu yekuburitsa inovhara, vharafu yekupinda inovhura, uye piston inofamba kubva kumusoro yakafa ichienda pasi pakafa.Iro vhoriyamu mucylinder pamusoro pepiston zvishoma nezvishoma inowedzera, uye kudzvinyirira kunoderera.Kumanikidza kwegasi mucylinder kunosvika 68-93kPa yakaderera pane kudzvanywa kwemhepo.Pasi pekuita kwemhepo yemhepo, mweya mutsva unosvetwa mucylinder kuburikidza nevharuvhu yekupinza.Apo piston inosvika pakadzika yakafa pakati, valve yekutora inovhara uye chirwere chekudya chinopera.
2. Kutsikirira sitiroko
Chinangwa chekumanikidza sitiroko ndechekuwedzera kudzvanywa uye tembiricha yemhepo mukati mehumburumbira, kugadzira mamiriro ekupisa mafuta.Nekuda kwekuvharwa kwekupinza uye kupera simba mavharuvhu, mhepo iri mucylinder inomanikidzwa, uye kumanikidza uye tembiricha zvinowedzerawo zvinoenderana.Iyo dhigirii yekuwedzera inoenderana nehuwandu hwekumanikidza, uye dzakasiyana injini dzedhiziri dzinogona kunge dziine misiyano mishoma.Kana piston ichisvika panzvimbo yepamusoro yakafa, mweya wemhepo uri mucylinder unosvika (3000-5000) kPa uye tembiricha inosvika 500-700 ℃, inodarika tembiricha yekuzvibatisa yedhiziri.
3. Kuwedzera sitiroko
Apo piston yave kuda kupera, jekiseni remafuta rinotanga kupinza dhiziri mucylinder, richiisanganisa nemhepo kuti iite musanganiswa unobvira, uye pakarepo inodzima.Panguva ino, kumanikidzwa mukati mehumburumbira kunokurumidza kukwira kusvika pa6000-9000kPa, uye tembiricha inosvika pakakwirira se (1800-2200) ℃.Pasi pekusunda kwepamusoro-tembiricha uye high-pressure magasi, piston inodzika pasi kune yakafa centre uye inotyaira crankshaft kutenderera, ichiita basa.Sezvo gasi yekuwedzera piston inodzika, kudzvinyirira kwayo kunoderera zvishoma nezvishoma kusvikira valve yekubudisa yavhurwa.
4. Kupera simba
4. Kupera simba
Chinangwa chekurohwa kwemhepo ndechekubvisa gasi rekubuda kubva mucylinder.Mushure mekupedzwa kwesimba, gasi muhumburumbira rave gasi rekupedza, uye tembiricha yaro inodonha kusvika (800 ~ 900) ℃ uye kudzvinyirira kunodonha kusvika (294 ~ 392) kPa.Panguva ino, vharuvhu yekuburitsa inovhura nepo vharuvhu yekupinda ichiramba yakavharwa, uye piston inofamba kubva pasi pasi yakafa ichienda kumusoro kwakafa.Pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakasara uye piston inokandwa mucylinder, gasi rekubuda ropa rinoburitswa kunze kwecylinder.Apo piston inosvika panzvimbo yepamusoro yakafa zvakare, iyo inopera inopera.Mushure mokunge nzira yekupedza yapera, vheji yekupedza inovhara uye valve yekutora inovhura zvakare, inodzokorora kutenderera kunotevera uye inoramba ichishanda kunze.
3, Kupatsanura uye hunhu hweinjini dzedhiziri
Injini yedhiziri injini yemukati inoshandisa dhiziri sehuni.Injini dzedhiziri ndedzemajini ekumanikidza, ayo anowanzo kunzi injini dzeDiesel mushure memugadziri wavo mukuru, Diesel.Kana injini yedhiziri ichishanda, inokwevera mumhepo kubva muhumburumbira uye inomanikidzwa kusvika padanho repamusoro nekuda kwekufamba kwepiston, inosvika pakupisa kwe500-700 ℃.Zvadaro, mafuta anoputirwa mumhepo inotonhora zvikuru mumhando yemhute, yakasanganiswa nemhepo yepamusoro-soro kuti iite musanganiswa unopisa, unobva wabatidza uye unopisa.Iro simba rinoburitswa panguva yekupisa rinoshanda pamusoro pepamusoro pepiston, richisaidzira nekurishandura kuita rinotenderera remakanika basa kuburikidza netambo yekubatanidza uye crankshaft.
1. Diesel injini mhando
(1) Zvinoenderana nekutenderera kwekushanda, inogona kukamurwa kuita mana sitiroko uye maviri-stroke dizeli injini.
(2) Maererano nenzira yekutonhodza, inogona kukamurwa kuva mvura-yakanyorova uye nemhepo-yakatonhorera dizeli injini.
(3) Zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekutora, inogona kukamurwa kuita turbocharged uye isina turbocharged (yakasikwa inoshuvira) dizeli injini.
(4) Maererano nekumhanya, injini dzedhiziri dzinogona kukamurwa kuva high-speed (inopfuura 1000 rpm), yepakati-kumhanya (300-1000 rpm), uye yakaderera-speed (isingasviki 300 rpm).
(5) Zvinoenderana nekamuri yekupisa, injini dzedhiziri dzinogona kukamurwa kuita jekiseni rakananga, swirl chamber, uye pre chamber marudzi.
(6) Zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekumanikidza gasi kuita, inogona kukamurwa kuita imwechete kuita, kaviri kuita, uye inopikisa piston dizeli injini.
(7) Zvinoenderana nenhamba yemasilinda, inogona kukamurwa kuita silinda imwe chete uye yakawanda silinda dizeli injini.
(8) Zvinoenderana nekushandiswa kwavo, vanogona kukamurwa kuita mainjini edhiziri emugungwa, injini dzedhiziri dzemotokari, injini dzedhiziri dzemotokari, injini dzekurima dzedhiziri, mainjiniya emagetsi edhiziri, injini dzemagetsi edhiziri, uye injini dzedhiziri dzakasimba.
(9) Zvinoenderana neiyo nzira yekupa mafuta, inogona kukamurwa kuita mechaniki yakakwira-kudzvanya mafuta pombi yekupa uye yakakwirira-kumanikidza yakajairika njanji yemagetsi inodzora jekiseni mafuta.
(10) Zvinoenderana nekurongeka kwemasilinda, inogona kupatsanurwa kuita yakatwasuka uye V-yakaumbwa marongero, yakatwasuka inopikiswa marongero, W-yakaumbwa marongero, nyeredzi dzakaumbwa, nezvimwe.
(11) Zvinoenderana nechiyero chesimba, inogona kukamurwa kuita diki (200KW), yepakati (200-1000KW), hombe (1000-3000KW), uye hombe (3000KW uye pamusoro).
2. Hunhu hweinjini dzedhiziri dzekugadzira magetsi
Diesel jenareta seti inofambiswa neinjini dzedhiziri.Zvichienzaniswa neyakajairwa magetsi ekugadzira magetsi akadai seanopisa magetsi majenareta, steam turbine jenareta, gasi turbine jenareta, majenareta emagetsi enyukireya, nezvimwewo, vane hunhu hwechimiro chakareruka, compactness, mari shoma, tsoka diki, kukwirira kwemafuta, kutanga kuri nyore, inochinjika kudzora, nzira dzakareruka dzekushandisa, kugadzirisa kuri nyore uye kugadzirisa, mutengo wakaderera wakazara wekuunganidza uye kugadzira magetsi, uye nyore kupa mafuta uye kuchengetedza.Mazhinji injini dzedhiziri dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira magetsi akasiyana ezvese-chinangwa kana chimwe chinangwa injini dzedhiziri, dzine zvinotevera hunhu:
(1) Fixed frequency uye kumhanya
Kuwanda kwesimba re AC kunogadziriswa pa 50Hz uye 60Hz, saka kukurumidza kwejenereta seti inogona kungova 1500 uye 1800r / min.China uye yaimbova nyika dzeSoviet dzinoshandisa simba rinonyanya kushandisa 1500r / min, nepo nyika dzeEurope neAmerica dzinonyanya kushandisa 1800r/min.
(2) Yakagadzikana voltage range
Kubuda kwemagetsi ejenareta seti yedhiziri inoshandiswa kuChina i400/230V (6.3kV yemaseti makuru ejenareta), ine frequency ye50Hz uye simba re cos ф= 0.8.
(3) Kuwanda kwekusiyana kwemasimba kwakakura.
Simba reinjini dzedhiziri rinoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi rinogona kusiyana kubva pa0.5kW kusvika pa10000kW.Kazhinji, injini dzedhiziri dzine simba re 12-1500kW dzinoshandiswa sezviteshi zvemagetsi enhare, zvitubu zvemagetsi ekuchengetedza, zvitubu zvemagetsi zvechimbichimbi, kana magetsi anowanzo shandiswa kumaruwa.Zviteshi zvemagetsi zvakagadziriswa kana zvemugungwa zvinowanzoshandiswa sezvitubu zvemagetsi, zvine simba rekubuda kwemakumi ezviuru zve kilowatts.
(4) Iine imwe simba rekuchengetedza.
Diesel injini dzekugadzira magetsi dzinowanzoshanda pasi pemamiriro ekushanda akadzikama ane mitengo yakakwira.Emergency uye backup magetsi masosi anowanzo kuverengerwa pa12h magetsi, nepo anowanzo shandiswa masosi emagetsi akayerwa pasimba rinoenderera (simba rinoenderana rejenareta seti rinofanira kubvisa kurasikirwa kwekutapurirana uye simba rekukurudzira remota, uye kusiya imwe simba rekuchengetedza).
(5) Yakashongedzerwa nechishandiso chekudzora kumhanya.
Kuti ive nechokwadi chekugadzikana kweiyo inobuda voltage frequency yejenareta seti, yakakwira-inoshanda kumhanya yekudzora zvishandiso zvinowanzoiswa.Kushanda kwakafanana uye grid yakabatana jenareta seti, kukurumidza kugadzirisa zvishandiso zvinoiswa.
(6)Iine kuchengetedza uye automation mabasa.
Pfupiso:
(7)Nekuda kwekushandiswa kukuru kwemainjini edhiziri ekugadzira magetsi kuve senge ekuchengetedza magetsi masosi, nharembozha magetsi, uye mamwe magetsi masosi, kudiwa kwemusika kwave kuwedzera gore negore.Kuvakwa kweState Grid kwakawana budiriro huru, uye simba remagetsi rakawana kuvharika kwenyika yose.Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, kushandiswa kweinjini dzedhiziri yekugadzira magetsi mumusika weChina kushoma, asi zvichiri kukosha mukusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika.Nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza tekinoroji yekugadzira, otomatiki kudzora tekinoroji, tekinoroji yemagetsi, uye composite yekugadzira zvinhu tekinoroji pasi rese.Injini dzedhiziri dzekugadzira magetsi dziri kusimukira dzakananga kuminiaturization, simba rakawanda, kuderera kwemafuta, kuburitsa kwakaderera, ruzha rwakaderera, uye hungwaru.Iko kuenderera mberi kuenderera mberi uye kugadziridzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuita kwakavandudza simba rekupa vimbiso yemagetsi uye tekinoroji nhanho yeinjini dzedhiziri yekugadzira magetsi, izvo zvinosimudzira zvakanyanya kuenderera mberi kwekuwedzera kwekugona kwemagetsi ekupa simba munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana.
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Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-02-2024